Luria, and considering its revolutionary importance, was somewhat slow in reaching the West.

The development of this immensely fruitful science was the life-work of A.R. Luria), Leontev, Anokhin, Bernstein and others, and was called by them ‘neuropsychology’. The new science of brain/mind which Freud envisaged came into being in the Second World War, in Russia, as the joint creation of A.R. An adequate understanding of aphasia or agnosia would, he believed, require a new, more sophisticated science. He felt this, especially, in regard to certain disorders of recognition and perception, for which he coined the term ‘agnosia’. Towards the end of the century it became evident to more acute observers – above all, Freud, in his book on Aphasia (1891) – that this sort of mapping was too simplistic, that all mental performances had an intricate internal structure, and must have an equally complex physiological basis. This opened the way to a cerebral neurology, which made it possible, over the decades, to ‘map’ the human brain, ascribing specific powers to equally specific ‘centres’ in the brain.

The scientific study of the relationship between brain and mind began in 1861, when Broca, in France, found that specific difficulties in the expressive use of speech (aphasia) consistently followed damage to a particular portion of the left hemisphere of the brain.

The man who mistook